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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">La vérité sur les origines de l'IPA</span> (voir la version originale en anglais ci-dessous) Charles Wells IPA - new.jpg <div><br/></div><div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Décortication d'un style:</span></span> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Je devrais probablement trouver des statistiques , mais je suppose que le style le plus populaire parmi les buveurs de bières artisanales aux États-Unis est l’IPA: India Pale Ale, la bière super- houblonnée, que certains ont même déclinée en doubles, voire triples IPA. &nbsp;En raison de sa popularité, la plupart des buveurs de bières artisanales savent - ou croient savoir - comment l’IPA a commencé .</span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Citons une version populaire de l'histoire du style: "Retournons à la fin des années 1700 et début des années 1800 , quand l'Angleterre jouissait d’une très grande présence coloniale en Inde. &nbsp;Les soldats, les marins et les civils étaient de très grands consommateurs de bière. &nbsp;Le problème était que le voyage vers l'Inde était très long , et donc, lorsque le navire arrivait à destination, les bières traditionnelles étaient devenues inbuvables. &nbsp;&nbsp;Et même si elles n’étaient pas gâchées, &nbsp;les Porters noires, qui étaient si populaires à l'époque, n’avaient pas tout à fait la cote dans le climat chaud de l'Inde. Mr George Hodgson, de la Bow Brewery à Londres, fut la première personne à arriver à une solution à ce problème. Il commençait à brasser un style de bière plus légère, connue sous le nom de pale ale. &nbsp;Mais Hodgson se rendit compte que des taux élevés d'alcool et de houblon pourraient en retarder la détérioration. Son processus réussit, et pendant environ 50 ans , il occupa un quasi-monopole sur le marché ".</span></span><br/><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le problème, c'est que presque rien de ce qui précède n’est vrai.</span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les ales et les bières étaient exportées avec succès vers l’Inde - et même plus loin - depuis au moins le début du 18e siècle, et alors, bien qu'il y avait certaines détériorations, les bières qui étaient envoyées, pouvaient facilement durer un an ou plus en fûts. Donc, personne n'avait besoin d'inventer un nouveau style de bière pour mieux survivre au voyage. La Porter a continué d’être populaire en Inde à travers le 19ème siècle, et les bières fortes et foncées sont toujours bues dans les climats chauds, du Sri Lanka aux Antilles. &nbsp;&nbsp;Les blondes étaient présentent déjà depuis au moins un siècle, quand George Hodgson a commencé à brasser.</span></span><br/><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aux environs des années 1760, les brasseurs étaient conscients qu'il était «absolument nécessaire» d’ajouter du houblon supplémentaire à la bière lorsqu’elle était envoyée dans des climats plus chauds, mais il n'existe aucune preuve reliant ces conseils à un brasseur spécifique, et certainement aucune preuve que Hodgson était la personne qui avait trouvé cette solution, ni &nbsp;non plus que la bière qui est devenue IPA était particulièrement forte en alcool. &nbsp;A environ 6,5 pour cent d'alcool par volume, elle était même un peu plus faible que la moyenne des bières du moment.</span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-46c0-6bd8-ca98-ce55e7f9b1e0"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La brasserie &nbsp;Bow Brewery de Hodgson, située à l’Est de Londres, était certainement la plus connue et la plus populaire pour l'exportation des bières blondes vers l'Inde, mais elle n'a jamais eu de «&nbsp;quasi-monopole&nbsp;». &nbsp;D'autres brasseurs exportaient également de la bière en Orient, de Londres , de Liverpool , d'Edimbourg et d’ailleurs. L’avantage de Hodgson avait moins à voir avec l'excellence de ses produits, que avec le fait que sa brasserie était à une courte distance de l'endroit où les “Est Indiamen” (les navires faisant commerce avec l'Inde pour la East India Company, dont le thé conduit à une émeute bien connue à Boston), étaient amarrés dans la Tamise.</span></span> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les capitaines de l'</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Est Indiamen</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">négociaient principalement pour leur propre compte, exportant les marchandises d'Angleterre pour les vendre aux fonctionnaires «&nbsp;civils&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;militaires» de la East India Company, à Bombay , Madras et Calcutta. &nbsp;Parmi les articles qu'ils emportaient, il y avait de la bière. &nbsp;Hodgson, bien que brassant en relativement petite quantité, était avantageusement placé pour fournir cette bière, il avait, en outre, accordé des crédit étendus aux capitaines des navires. &nbsp;C'est pourquoi ils commerçaient avec lui plutôt qu’avec les plus grands brasseurs de Londres.</span><br/><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-4769-cdc1-d8cf-c883008b161d"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">En 1784, il a été fait des annonces pour tout brasseur d'Angleterre de produire des pale ales, ainsi que les porters, pour les vendre en Inde. Neuf ans plus tard, on commença à faire de la publicité en Inde des pales ales et porters de Hodgson (notez d’ailleurs, que bien que de nombreux écrivains modernes essaient de vous dire le contraire, il n'y avait apparemment pas de problèmes pour exporter les porters vers Occident). Mais nous ne savons pas si, dans les années 1790, les Hodgsons mettaient du houblon supplémentaire dans leurs pale ales envoyées vers l’Inde, comme les brasseurs avaient été invités à le faire dans les années 1760 &nbsp;(nous n'avons aucun document sur les recettes des Pale Ale de Hodgson à cette époque).</span></span><br/><br/><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-4769-cdc1-d8cf-c883008b161d"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La première trace de guide de recettes de bières blondes expédiées vers l’Orient n’apparaît qu'en 1821, lorsque la première édition américaine du Dictionnaire de Andrew Ure de chimie affirme: «&nbsp;Il est bien connu que, toutes autres choses étant égales, la liqueur se conserve en proportion de la quantité de houblon. Une bière fraîche peut avoir d'une livre à une livre et demie (ndlr: ~450 g à 700 g) pour un baril de 32 gallons (ndlr: ~121 litres), une bière de juin deux livres et demi, une bière d’août trois livres, et pour un second été, de trois et demi. Pour un voyage vers l'Inde quatre livres ".</span></span><br/><span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-4769-cdc1-d8cf-c883008b161d"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quelles que soient les recettes de Hodgson, les pale ales de la brasserie Bow étaient certainement les plus vendues en Occident, même après que la brasserie de Burton-on-Trent eût commencé à exporter également vers l'Inde à partir de 1822. En 1829, il a été dit: «la bière de M. Hodgson (...) est de loin la meilleure et la plus recherchée en Inde (...) A Calcutta, Hodgson a vendu 50% de plus que Meux, Whitbread, Barclay (trois grands brasseurs de porter de Londres), ou tout autre brasseur". &nbsp;Dix ans plus tard , en 1839 , les ales de Hodgson étaient décrites comme «&nbsp;la boisson universelle et favorite de nos vastes territoires indiens ".</span></span> <span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cependant, cette bière était appelée "</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pale ale pour l'Inde</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">", "</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pale Ale préparée pour le climat de l'Est et de l'Ouest de l'Inde</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" ou autres locutions similaires, et non par le nom familier que nous connaissons aujourd'hui. &nbsp;La première utilisation de l'expression, qui a finalement été raccourci en </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IPA</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ne semble apparaître pour la première fois que lors d’une annonce dans le journal </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Liverpool Mercure</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, le 30 Janvier 1835, citant les "East India Pale Ale” de Hogson. &nbsp;Même après cela, de nombreuses annonces dans les journaux ont continué à parler de "</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pale Ale préparées pour l'Inde</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” pour encore une autre décennie, plutôt que “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India Pale Ale</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">".</span> <br/> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-47b0-760c-a032-7cadf16537ce"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pendant ce temps , la brasserie de Hodgson subissait la concurrence croissante des India Pale Ales brassées à Burton-on-Trent, concurrence qui s'est développée de façon spectaculaire lorsque la ligne de chemin de fer entre Londres et Burton fut ouverte en 1839, ce qui permettait aux brasseries de Staffordshire, telles que Bass et Allsopp, de rejoindre rapidement et facilement le marché croissant de Londres. &nbsp;</span></span> <br/> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-47b0-760c-a032-7cadf16537ce"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Les Hodgson semblent avoir quitté la brasserie Bow entre 1845 et 1848, et celle-ci passa par plusieurs changements de propriétaire avant de fermer finalement en 1927. &nbsp;Cependant, à aucun moment, les Hodgson, ou tout autre propriétaire consécutif de la Bow Brewery, n’ont prétendu que la India Pale Ale avait été inventé à Bow. &nbsp;Ce n'est qu'en 1869, plus de 20 ans après que les Hodgson soient partis, qu'un écrivain du nom de William Molyneaux déclarait que « </span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">De façon communément consentie, on doit l'origine de la ale d'Inde à un brasseur de Londres nommé Hodgson ... La brasserie où cette pale ale a été brassée pour la première fois, selon l'opinion populaire, était l’ancienne Bow Brewery. </span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" Mais comme nous l'avons vu , l'opinion populaire était erronée. &nbsp;L’India Pale Ale semble plutôt avoir été développée, au moins depuis les années 1760, sur base du courant d'idées qu'il était «absolument nécessaire» d’ajouter du houblon supplémentaires pour la bière destinée à être bue dans les climats chauds, avec aucune preuve que George Hodgson était la première personne à le découvrir.</span></span> <span id="docs-internal-guid-ee9837a3-47b0-760c-a032-7cadf16537ce"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Par Martyn Cornell</span></span> <div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div></div> <br/><br/><br/>The Truth About the Origins of IPA <br/>Dissecting a Style <br/>Charles Wells IPA - new.jpg I could probably find statistics, but I'm guessing that the most popular style among craft beer drinkers in the United States is IPA: India Pale Ale, the super-hoppy brew that some have cranked up to double or even triple IPA. Because of its popularity, most craft drinkers know – or think they know – how IPA began. To quote one version of the popular history of the style: "Back in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s, England held a large colonial presence in India. The soldiers, sailors and civilians had a huge appetite for beer. Trouble was, the voyage to India was long, and by the time the ship made it there the traditional beers had spoiled. Even when they didn't, the dark porters that were popular at the time weren't quite the ticket in the hot climate of India. George Hodgson of the Bow Brewery in London was the first person to come up with an answer to this problem. He began brewing a lighter style of beer, known as pale ale. Hodgson realized that high alcohol and hop levels would retard spoilage. His process succeeded, and for about 50 years he held a virtual monopoly on the market." Trouble is, almost none of the above is true. Ale and beer were being successfully exported to India – and farther – from at least the beginning of the 18th century, and while there was some spoilage, the beers that were being sent out could easily last a year or more in cask. So nobody needed to invent a new style of beer to survive the journey better. Porter continued to be popular in India through the 19th century, and strong dark beers are still drunk in hot climates, from Sri Lanka to the West Indies. Pale ales were around for at least a century before George Hodgson began brewing. By the 1760’s brewers were being advised that it was “absolutely necessary” to add extra hops to beer if it was being sent to warmer climes, but there is no evidence linking this advice to any specific brewer and certainly no evidence that Hodgson was the person who thought this plan up. Nor was the beer that became IPA particularly strong in alcohol: At around 6.5 percent alcohol by volume, it was, if anything, slightly weaker than average for the time. Certainly Hodgson's Bow brewery, on the eastern edge of London, became the best-known and most popular brewer of pale ales for export to India, though he never had a "virtual monopoly." Other brewers were also shipping beer out east, from London, from Liverpool, from Edinburgh and elsewhere. His advantage had less to do with the excellence of his product and owed more the fact that his brewery was only a short distance from where the East Indiamen, the ships that did the trading with India for the East India Company (the people whose tea led to a well-known riot in Boston), tied up in the Thames. The commanders of the East Indiamen traded on their own behalves, taking out goods from England to sell to the East India Company's "civil" and "military" servants in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, and among the items they took out was beer. Hodgson, although a comparatively small brewer, was handily placed to supply that beer, and also granted the ships' commanders extended credit, and that's why they traded with him rather than any of the bigger London brewers. Pale ale, along with porter from England, made by unnamed brewers, was being advertised for sale in India by 1784. Nine years later, Hodgson's pale ale and porter were being advertised in India by name (note, incidentally, that despite what many modern writers will try to tell you, there were no apparent problems about exporting porter to the East). But we don't know whether the Hodgsons were putting extra hops into their pale ale sent to India in the 1790’s, as brewers were being advised to do in the 1760’s – we have no evidence for Hodgson's pale ale recipe at this time at all. The first guide to a recipe for pale ale shipped to the East does not appear to have been printed until 1821, when the first American edition of Andrew Ure’s Dictionary of Chemistry said: "It is well known that other things being equal, the liquor keeps in proportion to the quantity of hops. Fresh beer may have from a pound to a pound and a half to a barrel of 32 gallons, June beer two pounds and a half, beer for the month of August three pounds and for a second summer three and an half. For India voyages, four pounds." Whatever Hodgson's recipe was, the Bow brewery's pale ale was certainly the top seller in the East, even after the brewers of Burton upon Trent began exporting to India as well from 1822. In 1829 it was said that “Mr Hodgson’s beer … is by far the best and most sought after in India … In Calcutta Hodgson sold for 50 percent more than Meux, Whitbread, Barclay (three big London porter brewers), or any other brewer.” Ten years later, in 1839, it was described as “Hodgson’s ale, the universal and favourite beverage of our vast Indian territories.” However, this beer was called "pale ale for India," "Pale Ale prepared for the East and West India Climate" and similar circumlocutions, not the familiar name we know today. The first use of the phrase that eventually became shortened to IPA does not seem to occur until an advertisement in The Liverpool Mercury newspaper on January 30, 1835, for Hodgson's "East India Pale Ale." Even after this, many newspaper advertisements continued to talk about "Pale Ale as prepared for India" rather than "India Pale Ale" for another decade or so. Meanwhile, Hodgson's brewery was coming under increasing competition from India Pale Ales brewed in Burton upon Trent, competition that grew dramatically when the railway line between London and Burton opened in 1839, allowing the Staffordshire brewers, such as Bass and Allsopp, to reach the growing London market speedily and easily. The Hodgsons seem to have left the Bow brewery some time between 1845 and 1848, and it went through several changes of ownership until it finally closed in 1927. At no time, however, did the Hodgsons, or any subsequent owners of the Bow Brewery, ever claim that India Pale Ale was invented in Bow. It was not until 1869, more than 20 years after the Hodgsons had departed, that a writer named William Molyneaux declared that "the origin of India ale is by common consent accredited to a London brewer named Hodgson … The brewery where pale ale was first brewed, according to popular opinion, was the Old Bow Brewery." But as we have seen, popular opinion was wrong. Instead, India Pale Ale seems to have developed out of the idea current at least as far back as the 1760s that it was “absolutely necessary” to add extra hops to beer intended to be drunk in hot climates, with no evidence at all that George Hodgson was the first person to discover this. -- by Martyn Cornell Martyn Cornell's latest book, “Amber Gold and Black: the History of Britain's Great Beers,” is being published in the United States in June by the History Press (priced at $24.95). == Comment&nbsp; == Fri, 08/03/2012 - 2:57pm — brewerguy brewerguy's picture Interesting yes, but he seems <br/>Interesting yes, but he seems to contradict his own opening thesis by saying of the IPA story. "Trouble is, almost none of the above is true." Except it is true .... he says "Back in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s, England held a large colonial presence in India. (TRUE) The soldiers, sailors and civilians had a huge appetite for beer. (TRUE)Trouble was, the voyage to India was long, (TRUE) and by the time the ship made it there the traditional beers had spoiled. (ALSO TRUE) although some beer did survive, more than was acceptable did not survive - and by his own admission brewers of that time knew this and WERE adding more Hops for export to warmer climates as later he states - "By the 1760’s brewers were being advised that it was “absolutely necessary” to add extra hops to beer if it was being sent to warmer climes," contradicting his original thesis that the story is untrue and that long journeys did not require additional hops and he continues "Even when they didn't, the dark porters that were popular at the time weren't quite the ticket in the hot climate of India." (TRUE) Additionally I have to take exception with a few other thoughts that are put forward here "Ale and beer were being successfully exported to India – and farther – from at least the beginning of the 18th century, and while there was some spoilage, the beers that were being sent out could easily last a year or more in cask." (DEFINE "LAST" - a beer that is a year old unrefrigerated that has crossed the equator in a boat twice is certainly not in top shape - even if it is not soured) also "Porter continued to be popular in India through the 19th century, and strong dark beers are still drunk in hot climates, from Sri Lanka to the West Indies." (SORT of TRUE. Dark beers were/are consumed in the tropics but not necessarily because they are preferred in flavor - In Asia they are more often consumed because of their supposed health benefits) "Nor was the beer that became IPA particularly strong in alcohol: At around 6.5 percent alcohol by volume, it was, if anything, slightly weaker than average for the time." (NOT really TRUE. due to a new "progressive taxation" scheme stated in the late 1700 beer alcohol percentages began to drop. By the 1800 6.5% was a strong beer compared to many others available) So although I found the article interesting, I do not see him proving his original thesis that the story of how IPA came is untrue. What he did was give good evidence that Hodgson was not the inventor of the IPA style. But it seems to me the rest of the story is pretty much spot on. &nbsp; &nbsp; == Références == Traduit de&nbsp;: [http://www.beerconnoisseur.com/the-origins-of-ipa http://www.beerconnoisseur.com/the-origins-of-ipa] [http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/the-first-ever-reference-to-ipa/ http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/the-first-ever-reference-to-ipa/] [http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2010/03/31/ipa-the-executive-summary/ http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2010/03/31/ipa-the-executive-summary/] [http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/four-ipa-myths-that-need-to-be-stamped-out-for-ipaday/ http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2011/08/04/four-ipa-myths-that-need-to-be-stamped-out-for-ipaday/] [http://www.fermentarium.com/random-news/pub-tales/is-the-ipa-myth-a-myth/ http://www.fermentarium.com/random-news/pub-tales/is-the-ipa-myth-a-myth/] [http://www.beerchurch.com/beer-info/the-truth-about-ipa/ http://www.beerchurch.com/beer-info/the-truth-about-ipa/] [http://barclayperkins.blogspot.ch/2009/02/another-nail-in-that-ipa-myth.html http://barclayperkins.blogspot.ch/2009/02/another-nail-in-that-ipa-myth.html] [http://thebeerfriends.com/2010/03/23/281/ http://thebeerfriends.com/2010/03/23/281/] [http://witteklavervier.nl/en/history/myths-about-beer/india-pale-ale-myth http://witteklavervier.nl/en/history/myths-about-beer/india-pale-ale-myth] [http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/pale-ale-creation-myth-debunked/story-fn6ck8la-1226113157942 http://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/pale-ale-creation-myth-debunked/story-fn6ck8la-1226113157942] [http://areluctantfoodie.blogspot.ch/2012/05/tale-of-india-pale-ale.html http://areluctantfoodie.blogspot.ch/2012/05/tale-of-india-pale-ale.html] &nbsp; [[Category:Glossaire]]<br/>[[Category:Traductions]]

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